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As readers, you should be aware of writing techniques commonly used by authors.
As writers, you should be aware of writing techniques commonly used by authors, and incorporate them appropriately into your own writing.
As students, you will be required to read and respond to literature using appropriate literary terms, and to reference various writing techniques commonly used by authors.
Alliteration: occurs when a consonant sound is repeated at the beginning of words. Tongue Twisters are good examples.
Assonance: occurs when a sound, usually a vowel sound or a vowel-consonant combination, is repeated in the interior of words.
Characterization: the method the author uses to acquaint the reader with his characters. He may use any or all four different methods of characterization:
He may describe the characters physical traits and personality.
He may show the characters speech and behavior.
He may give the opinions and reactions of other characters toward this character.
He may show the characters thoughts and feelings.
Climax: is the turning point, or point of maximum interest. At the climax, the conflict is resolved and the outcome of the plot becomes clear.
Conflict: every story develops around a struggle or conflict. Sometimes the conflict may be obvious, as in a struggle between the good guys and the bad guys. A conflict may also be less obvious as the good guys also struggling with wild animals, blizzards, or even their consciences. In other words, there may be several conflicts. External Conflicts are when a character struggles against another character, nature, society, etc. Internal Conflicts are when the character struggles against some element of his own personality, like his conscience or code of values.
Dialect: characteristic speech of a region or social group.
Dialogue: are the words that characters speak aloud. Dialogue is set off with quotation marks.
Flashback: an interruption in the action of a story to show an earlier time. A flashback is usually used to provide background information necessary to an understanding of the characters or the plot.
Foreshadowing: an authors use of hints or clues about events which will occur later in the story.
Hyperbole: an extreme exaggeration. It is often called overstatement, but it must be an exaggerated overstatement.
Examples Her boom box was loud enough to wake the dead
I have a million errands to run today
He hit the ball a mile high
Imagery: concrete details that appeal to the senses. By using specific images, an author establishes mood and arouses emotion in his readers.
Inference: a logical guess or conclusion based on evidence.
Irony: when what is expected to happen is different from what actually happens.
Metaphor: is a direct comparison of two unlike things. Metaphors do not use like or as for comparison.
Mood: the feeling created by a literary work. Sensory images, word choice, dialogue and setting help create mood.
Onomatopoeia: occurs when the sound of the word gives the meaning of the word. Is often evident in poetry.
Oxymoron: the use of a totally unexpected or unmatched term to create an intended impression. An oxymoron states exactly the literal meaning.
Examples He was a dead-broke millionaire
Billy hurried to school with a crawl
The silent scream echoed
Personification: gives human characteristics to non-human things.
Plot: the significant pattern of action. The plot usually involves one or more conflicts, which may be EXTERNAL or INTERNAL. In a carefully constructed plot, each detail is important. The incidents are carefully selected and so arranged in a cause-effect relationship that each is a necessary link leading to the outcome of the story.
Point of View: the authors choice of a narrator for his story. This choice determines the amount of information a reader will be given. The three major points of view are:
Personal or first person: the narrator (I) is a character in the story who can reveal only his own thoughts and feelings and what he sees and is told by other characters.
Third person objective: the narrator is an outsider who can report only what he sees and hears.
Omniscient: the narrator is an all-knowing outsider who can enter the minds of one or all of the characters.
Repetition: is the use of any element of languagea sound, a word, a phrase, a grammatical structuremore than once. Writers use repetition to stress ideas and to create sound effects.
Resolution: is the final stage of the plot. Loose ends are tied up and the story is brought to a conclusion.
Rhyme Scheme: a record of the pattern of end sounds for the lines of poetry in a stanza.
Rhythm: the beat and the pace of words in a piece of writing.
Setting: the time and place in which the events of the story occur. The setting may be specific and detailed, and introduced at the very beginning of the story, or it may be merely suggested through the use of details scattered throughout the story. In some stories, the setting is relatively unimportant; the story could have happened almost anywhere or at any time.
Simile: uses like or as to compare two unlike objects.
Symbol: a person, place, event, or object which has meaning in itself but suggests other meanings as well.
Theme: is the general conclusion about human behavior drawn by a piece of literature. (What is the author saying to his readers?)
Tone: the stated or implied attitude of an author toward his subject in a particular literary work. The author reveals his attitude through his choice or words or details.
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